Extraction of Platinum Group Metals | IntechOpen
About 80% of the worlds' reserves for platinum group metals (PGMs) are in South Africa's Bushveld Igneous Complex. Processing of PGM involves comminution, flotation, smelting, converting, base metals refinery and precious metals refinery. Due to increasing chrome content in the feed and the challenges associated with operating high chrome feed, alternative routes to smelting of PGM are ...
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Bentonite; a key mineral for a variety of applications ...
Bentonite is an important clay mineral commonly used in some essential everyday end-use applications: LKAB is one of the world's largest consumers of Bentonite products, as one of the main components in the production of Iron Ore Pellets. These pellets go on to make high-quality steel around the world.
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Key Properties Of Refractory Materials: Understanding ...
Bentonite: Applications With Coal as Bentonite-Clay Bentonite is a form of clay that has found numerous uses over its thousands of years of use - but perhaps most notably in foundries from the 1900's onwards, alongside powdered coal.
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chromium smelting yield from ore
Smelting chrome ore ScienceDirect. 01/01/1976· The objective of chrome ore smelting is to convert the chromium into a form t h a t can readily be used by the steelmaker. Although chrome has been smelted in blast furnaces, it more commonly is reduced in submerged-arc electric furnaces.
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Flash smelting furnace - Strategic application technology
GAS APPLICATION. The smelting furnaces used in the process are comprised of single burners or burner field systems for auxiliary firing operated with air, oxygen-enriched air or oxygen as an oxidising agent. In the oxyfuel process, the combustion processes are carried out by means of an oxygen burner (oxyfuel burner) which is operated with pure ...
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WO2010103343A1 - An improved process for production of ...
A method for improved process for production of High Carbon Ferrochrome (HCFeCr) and Charge Chrome comprising: blending dried chrome concentrate and chromite fines in all possible proportions to form raw feed ore; subjecting the raw feed ore to the step of mixing hydrated lime, molasses and bentonite as the binders to the said mixture to form briquetting mixture feed; forming briquettes from ...
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crushing equipment application in chrome ore mining plant
Application of chrome ore and alloys of chrome. In the metallurgical industry, chromite is mainly used to produce chromium iron alloy and metal chrome. Chromium metal is mainly used for smelting special alloy with the element such as cobalt, nickel, tungsten and so on.
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Anthracite Castings, Refractory & Foundry Applications ...
Bentonite: Applications With Coal as Bentonite-Clay Bentonite is a form of clay that has found numerous uses over its thousands of years of use - but perhaps most notably in foundries from the 1900's onwards, alongside powdered coal.
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Bentonite: Applications With Coal as Bentonite-Clay ...
Bentonite is a type of clay that is prized for its porosity, workability and non-toxic nature. In foundry applications, it is used with coal (bentonite-coal) in sand/green sand molding for metal castings; where it enhances the refractory properties of the …
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Damring Formation During Rotary Kiln Chromite Pre ...
Electricity consumption is the largest cost contributing factor in the production of ferrochrome. Currently the pelletized chromite pre-reduction process (solid-state reduction of chromite) is the process option with the lowest specific electricity consumption (MWh/ton). In this process, pelletized chromite is fed into a rotary kiln at 1573 K (1300 °C), where partial pre-reduction takes place ...
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Chrome Sand Applications | African Pegmatite
Chrome Sand Applications in Mutiple Industries. Chrome sand is one of the most widely used refractory materials, and is available in high purity from African Pegmatite as part of a wide catalogue of high performance refractories. Chrome sand is a naturally occurring mineral that consists mainly of the oxides of iron and chromium.
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US20160244864A1 - Production of chromium iron alloys ...
A process for producing chromium iron alloys suitable for steel making directly from chromite ore wherein fines of chromite ore with additions of carbon fines, and accelerant and a binder are agglomerated and the dry agglomerates are fed into a reaction vessel with natural gas as a reducing agent at elevated temperatures adequate for reduction for thereby producing a chromium iron alloy ...
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HAND BOOK OF MINERALS AND MINERALS BASED …
Industrial Applications Oil well Paint Floor covering Rubber Asbestos compound Glass Chemical Specifications Drilling mud ... Direct Reduction Process Smelting Reduction process Conclusions ... Benefication of Chromite or Processing Charge Chrome Bentonite Powder Bricks from Fly Ash. Calcination of Bauxite to Produce High Grade Alumina
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Foundry Burn And How To Avoid It Using Coal Dust | African ...
Foundry burn on is the term for a wide ranging number of effects causing surface defects in the sand casting of metals, at high temperatures. Such defects require machining to remove them, adding time, cost and complexity to the process. Coal dust can be added to the sand in up to 5% by weight quantities to prevent the formation of defects.
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(PDF) 2012, Unique challenges of clay binders in a ...
Chrome ore beneficiation challenges all aspects measured compared to the bentonite clay that is avail- & opportunities – a review. Minerals Engineering 24 (5), 375–380. able as an alternative. Costs of these different clays were not con- Naiker, O., 2007.
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Uses and Applications of Bentonites | Marketizer.com
The process known as smelting is one in which a molten metal is poured into a mold having the shape of the article to be produced, which is obtained after the metal cools and solidifies. Molding sands are composed of sand and clay, usually Bentonite, which provides cohesion and …
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Value-added utilization of waste silica powder into high ...
Raw materials used in this investigation included four kinds of fine chrome iron ores, bentonite and silica powder, of which chemical compositions are shown in Table 1.It can be seen that chromite-A characterized a lower Cr/Fe ratio of 1.35, while …
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USE OF SINTERED PELLETS IN PRODUCTION OF HIGH …
Ferro Chrome in 1968. In the process of constant pursuit of energy conservation, FACOR came across several Research & Development works in the direction of pelle tisation of chromite fines in the country and abroad. All those experiments, were carried out on low grade ores and later their application on industrial scale was
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Bismuth Mining | Processing Equipment | Flow Chart | Cases ...
Bismuth. Bismuth (Bi) is a silvery-white metallic element with a pinkish tint on freshly-broken surfaces. The most common bismuth minerals are bismuthinite and bismite, but most bismuth is recovered as a by-product from lead processing. Most bismuth is produced from mines in China, Mexico and Bolivia. Only one mine in Bolivia is a primary ...
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Chapter 6 Bentonite Applications - ScienceDirect
The bentonite will line the sides of the trench and stabilize the soil or other soft material and the concrete can then displace the slurry to make the form that is required. 6.29. Seed Growth. A relatively new application is to coat seeds with a bentonite slurry which will provide the water to promote the rapid sprouting of the seed when planted.
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Beneficiation Process For Mineral Processing
Chrome Ore Beneficiation Process Chromite Processing. May 16 2019 · The chrome ore beneficiation processes include gravity separation flotation magnetoelectric separation and chemical beneficiation etc Because of the chrome ore composition that composed of one or more silicate and the density difference between the chrome and silicate the research both in home and aboard about chrome ...
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CA2927984C - Production of chromium iron alloys directly ...
A process for producing chromium iron alloys suitable for steel making directly from chromite ore wherein fines of chromite ore with additions of carbon fines, and accelerant and a binder are agglomerated and the dry agglomerates are fed into a reaction vessel with natural gas as a reducing agent at elevated temperatures adequate for reduction for thereby producing a chromium iron alloy ...
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An overview of Southern African PGM smelting
An overview of Southern African PGM smelting R.T. Jones Mintek Private Bag X3015, Randburg, 2125, South Africa ABSTRACT The largest known platinum group metal (PGM) deposit in the world is the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, with the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe also being one of the biggest.
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Chrome Ore - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A South African chrome ore crushed and suitably graded is finding application in steel foundries and is believed to have very superior refractoriness. It is finding application as a facing material in cores and moulds for heavy steel castings. The chromite sand has a specific gravity of about 4.50. The thermal expansion of bentonite-bonded ...
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application of aggregat crushing test in equatorial guinea
Ring crush test determining the ring crush strength,this test is performed according to iso 12192 and tappi 822. the ring crush test is similar to the short-span compression test in that the strength of the liner or fluting is measured both in the machine direction and perpendicular to it. It is important that force application to the specimen is exactly perpendicular during these tests.
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Chromium processing | Britannica
Chromium processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Chromium (Cr) is a brilliant, hard, refractory metal that melts at 1,857 °C (3,375 °F) and boils at 2,672 °C (4,842 °F). In the pure state it is resistant to ordinary corrosion, resulting in its application as an electroplated
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PRODUCTION OF CHROMIUM IRON ALLOYS DIRECTLY FROM …
13. The process of claim 1, said chromite ore fines and carbon fines are between 50 and 250 microns in size. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein said binder is selected as bentonite or an organic alternative and is included in the amount of 0.5% to 1.5% of the agglomerate mass. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the chromite ore is from the ...
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Ferrochrome - Wikipedia
Ferrochrome, or ferrochromium (FeCr) is a type of ferroalloy, that is, an alloy of chromium and iron, generally containing 50 to 70% chromium by weight.. Ferrochrome is produced by electric arc carbothermic reduction of chromite.Most of the global output is produced in South Africa, Kazakhstan and India, which have large domestic chromite resources.. Increasing amounts are coming from Russia and
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metallurgical processing of chromite ore
Conversion of Chromium Ore Processing Residue to Chrome Steel1.04 Мб. Trivalent chromium in chromite ore was oxidized to hexavalent chromium.Chakraborty, Dolly; Ranganathan, S.; Sinha, S. N. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science (2005), 36B(4), 437-444.
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Study of Liquid Phase Formation during the Sintering of ...
smelting process is lower due to poor porosity and also formation of silicate layer on the surface of chromite grains which retard the reaction of chromite with reductants (CO, C, Fe3C etc.). In the early stages of reduction-smelting process in the SAF, silicate phase in the sintered pellets adheres to the
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(PDF) Solid state reduction of chromite with CO
Also, the energy efficiency of the smelting process is 49.15%. The value of synergy degree is 0.584. Several suggestions for the smelting process are proposed based on the synergy model.
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Efficient utilization of nickel rich Chromite Ore ...
A cost economic analysis of the process is evaluated to understand the feasibility of the real-time operation. The present investigation has revealed that the smelting of such tailings could result in a metal product with 79.23% Fe (T), 12.94% chromium and 1.11% nickel with a recovery >94%. The produced slag is enriched with a higher quantity ...
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WO2017087997A1 - Improved ilmenite smelting process ...
A method of preparing a pre-reduced ilmenite ore for smelting, wherein metal oxides contained in the ore are selectively reduced in solid-state reactions over titanium oxide, the method including the step of pre-reducing carbon-based pellets of the ore.
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Minerals - Fluorspar Minerals Manufacturer from Kolkata
The expansion process also creates one of perlite's most distinguishing: Characteristics: It's white in colour. Introduction: Expanded perlite is an economical insulation for high and low temperature and cryogenic applications. It is widely used because of its low thermal conductivity, cost, non-combustibility and low moisture retention.
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KWG Resources Inc. | (KWG: CSE) | Reducing energy ...
An intermediate process which upgrades the ore to a saleable intermediate product is viable; This process has lower capital requirements than that of conventional charge chrome smelting; The process effectively utilises the substantial cost and environmental benefits of natural gas for energy. The need for subsidised electrical energy is eliminated
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Ferrochrome Smelting In Zimbabwe - SAIMM
Ferrochrome smelting is a labour and energy intensive process. The principal application for chromium is as an alloying element in cast irons and steels. It is a strong carbide-forming element, and as such it is an important alloying element in tool and die steels, and high speed steels. ... Smelting in Zimbabwe The chrome industry, in general ...
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(PDF) Unique challenges of clay binders in a pelletised ...
The raw materials utilized in the industrial application of the pelletized chromite pre-reduction process consist of fine chromite ore, a carbonaceous reducing agent, and a clay binder (Kleynhans ...
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Kulani Mageza's lab | University of Johannesburg (uj)
The smelting furnaces were transferred to six rural foundries in the Limpopo Province, in pilot study to determine whether the new aluminium furnace is an appropriate technology for aluminium ...
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High Carbon Ferrochrome Technology - ScienceDirect
The DC smelting process is an open-bath carbothermic reduction of metal oxides in the presence of slag. The following reaction sequence is observed. First, dissolution of metal oxides into the slag phase at the surfaces and within the bath, followed by the reaction of dissolved metal oxide with solid carbon at the slag interface.
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